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83  Path Tracking Robot

User’s Guide for DIRCOL

2.7 Optimal path tracking for a simple robot. A robot with two rotational joints and simplified equations of motion has to move along a prescribed path with constant velocity.

83.1  Problem Formulation

Find u over t in [0; 2 ] to minimize

J =

∫

2 0

(

2 ∑ i=1

(wi*(qi(t) − qi,ref)2) +

2 ∑ i=1

(w2+i*(

dq dt

i(t) −

dq dt

i,ref)2) dt

subject to:

d2q1 dt2

= u1

d2q2 dt2

= u2

A transformation gives:

dx1 dt

= x3

dx2 dt

= x4

dx3 dt

= u1

dx4 dt

= u2

x1:4(0) = [0  0  0.5  0]

x1:4(2) = [0.5  0.5  0  0.5]

w1:4 = [100  100  500  500]

x11,ref =

t 2

(0<t<1),

1 2

(1<t<2)

x21,ref = 0  (0<t<1),

t−1 2

(1<t<2)

x31,ref =

1 2

(0<t<1),  0  (1<t<2)

x41,ref = 0  (0<t<1),

1 2

(1<t<2)

|u| < 10

Reference: [33]

83.2  Problem setup

toms t
p = tomPhase('p', t, 0, 2, 100, [], 'fem1s'); % Use splines with FEM constraints
%p = tomPhase('p', t, 0, 2, 100, [], 'fem1');  % Use linear finite elements
%p = tomPhase('p', t, 0, 2, 100); % Use Gauss point collocation
setPhase(p);

tomStates x1 x2 x3 x4
tomControls u1 u2

% Box constraints
cbox = {
    -10 <= collocate(u1) <= 10
    -10 <= collocate(u2) <= 10};

% Boundary constraints
cbnd = {initial({x1 == 0; x2 == 0
    x3 == 0.5; x4 == 0})
    final({x1 == 0.5; x2 == 0.5
    x3 == 0; x4 == 0.5})};

% ODEs and path constraints
w1 = 100; w2 = 100;
w3 = 500; w4 = 500;

err1 = w1*(x1-t/2.*(t<1)-1/2*(t>=1)).^2;
err2 = w2*(x2-(t-1)/2.*(t>=1)).^2;
err3 = w3*(x3-1/2*(t<1)).^2;
err4 = w4*(x4-1/2*(t>=1)).^2;

toterr = integrate(err1+err2+err3+err4);

ceq = collocate({
    dot(x1) == x3
    dot(x2) == x4
    dot(x3) == u1
    dot(x4) == u2});

% Objective
objective = toterr;

83.3  Solve the problem

options = struct;
options.name = 'Path Tracking Robot';
solution = ezsolve(objective, {cbox, cbnd, ceq}, [], options);
t  = subs(icollocate(t),solution);
x1 = subs(icollocate(x1),solution);
x2 = subs(icollocate(x2),solution);
x3 = subs(icollocate(x3),solution);
x4 = subs(icollocate(x4),solution);
u1 = subs(icollocate(u1),solution);
u2 = subs(icollocate(u2),solution);

Problem type appears to be: qp
Starting numeric solver
===== * * * =================================================================== * * *
TOMLAB - Tomlab Optimization Inc. Development license  999001. Valid to 2011-02-05
=====================================================================================
Problem:  1: Path Tracking Robot                f_k       1.031157513483037700
                                       sum(|constr|)      0.000000051263199492
                              f(x_k) + sum(|constr|)      1.031157564746237200
                                              f(x_0)      0.000000000000000000

Solver: CPLEX.  EXIT=0.  INFORM=1.
CPLEX Barrier QP solver
Optimal solution found

FuncEv   10 GradEv   10 ConstrEv   10 Iter   10
CPU time: 0.343750 sec. Elapsed time: 0.235000 sec.

83.4  Plot result

subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x1,'*-',t,x2,'*-',t,x3,'*-',t,x4,'*-');
legend('x1','x2','x3','x4');
title('Path Tracking Robot state variables');

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,u1,'*-',t,u2,'*-');
legend('u1','u2');
title('Path Tracking Robot control variables');

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